70 percent of pakistan inbred

); Saudi Med., 1993; 13:447-450. [60] Urdu was chosen as a symbol of unity for the new state of Pakistan in 1947, because it had already served as a lingua franca among Muslims in north and northwest British India. and Kurian, M Consanguinity and its effect on fetal groMh and development: A South Indian study. Balochi () is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by about 3% of Pakistanis, mostly in the Balochistan province. [14], Surveys taken by the Pakistani government or intergovernmental organisations are seen as the most reliable method of keeping tabs on birth, death, fertility, and infant mortality rates in a country without a reliable vital registration system. Comparative Performance of Hybrid and Elite Inbred Rice Varieties with However, the studied hybrids were more vulnerable to rising temperature in respect to assimilate translocation to grain than that of the inbred variety. 10, no. 101140, Shanghai Science & Technology Press, Shanghai, China, 2000 (Chinese). M.A. [56], Urdu () is the national language ( ) and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is concluded that the tested hybrid rice varieties accumulate higher amount of dry matter before heading and maintain large LAI at the grain filling period compared to the inbred variety, irrespective of growing temperature. "Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020." [35][36], 2018 Information on Pakistani provinces/regions, compared to other countries, estimated at three decimal places is provided below:[37], definition: aged 10 and over with the "Ability to read and understand simple text in any language from a newspaper or magazine, write a simple letter and perform basic mathematical calculation (ie, counting and addition/subtraction)." B. C. Nayak, B. With populations of 14.9million and 11.1million respectively (in 2017), they are among the world's largest metropolises. 4849, 2001. Homozygosity occurs when a person has identical stretches of genotypes meaning those sections of genetic code came from both parents. of the experimental plots are summarized in Table 1. Chi square and p-values were calculated alongwith contingency coefficients. Fig. Grain yield ranged from 4.44 to 7.42tha1 for BRRI hybrid2, 4.37 to 8.03tha1 for Heera2, and 4.57 to 6.16tha1 for inbred BRRI dhan45 for all planting dates in both the years. The population is mainly clustered around the most agriculturally fertile areas, particularly the Indus River and its tributaries. It reveals that translocation of dry matter from shoot to grain was relatively inefficient for hybrids in delayed planting. Scientists have identified a gene that's killing purebred dogs. 5155, 2002. Inbreeding significantly (P<0.01) affected birth and 60 days weight. 15, pp. Statista. })(); AltNewsMedia Ltd The data of the families was divided into groups in two ways i.e., whether the parents were related or unrelated and whether their children had any congenital malformation or not. Inbreeding Climate of both experimental sites is similar. K. Katsura, S. Maeda, T. Horie, and T. Shiraiwa, Analysis of yield attributes and crop physiological traits of Liangyoupeijiu, a hybrid rice recently bred in China, Field Crops Research, vol. One hundred and fifty-five siblings were also found malformed in 145 families. Flag leaf chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a:b ratio gradually decreased in the hybrid and inbred varieties with advanced maturity. [4][5][6] This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces, Islamabad Capital Territory, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan. Chlorophyll content reflects the intensity of plant photosynthetic capacity and the extent of leaf senescence [24]. In some countries, such as Pakistan, that figure is closer to 70%. Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani Balochistan, mainly in Kalat, Khuzdar and Mastung districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighbouring districts, as well as in Afghanistan which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of the ethnic group no longer speak Brahui. [34]. It might be due to the intrinsic genetic trait or well adaptability of inbred BRRI dhan5 to environmental conditions. The coefficient itself is calculated taking into account the total number of married couples, number of related couples, the number of various types of relationshiops and coefficients of relationships, using a complex formula 10 These relationships were used to calculate coefflcient of inbreeding in the families under study, but for the sake of statistical analysis, first cousins once removed were grouped with second cousins and second cousins once removed were considered together with distant relatives, The data was subjected to detailed statistical analysis. [48] reported that higher temperature limits the assimilate supply to meet the demand of grains. Consanguinity is a characteristic feature of kinship systems in many societies in the developing world, particularly Islamic countries where consanguineous unions account for 2555% of total marriages (Bittles, Reference Bittles, Speicher, Antonarakis and Motulsky 2010).Consanguineous unions remain socially and culturally Hereditas, 1989;111:79-83. To measure the effect of relationship on breeding, the term coefficient of inbreeding is used. Related Topics . not being heard is no reason for silence on Twitter: "RT However, the maximum LAI was recorded from Heera2 (6.36) at heading stage followed by BRRI hybrid dhan2 (5.94) while it was significantly lower in BRRI dhan45 (5.10) at 20 December planting of 2008-09. PixabayLoc Yengo and the University of Queensland team looked at the homozygosity of each individuals genetic information. ), Also spoken in: China, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)", Definitely endangered "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home", Severely endangered "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves", Critically endangered "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently", Extinct "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s", This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 20:57. Inbreeding White tigers in captivity exist due to inbreeding. Weather conditions of the experimental seasons are shown in Table 2. [7] This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Pakistan Demographics 2020 (Population, Age, Sex, Trends According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), hybrid rice technology is the key approach for the increase of global rice production [2]. 2. 3, pp. WebThe overall frequency of inbreeding was 76% with a coefficient of 0.04151 which is probably the highest figure reported in literature. After looking at nearly half a million peoples genetic data, researchers found 125 cases of extreme inbreeding, suggesting that there are approximately 13,200 such cases across the U.K. population as a whole. T. L. Jeng, T. H. Tseng, C. S. Wang, C. L. Chen, and J. M. Sung, Yield and grain uniformity in contrasting rice genotypes suitable for different growth environments, Field Crops Research, vol. [22]. scale pig keeping: why inbreeding matters Int. On the other hand, Balochistan, which is geographically Pakistan's largest province, is its least-populated. Distinct urban-rural differentials emerged. A few are highly endangered languages that may soon have no speakers at all. as compared to 26% (305 out of,1 180) in unrelated (p=0.00008). Cousin marriage in the Middle East - Wikipedia 319325, 2010. The hybrids exhibited significantly lower number of panicles m2 and on average 33.95% higher number of spikelets panicle1 compared to the tested inbred, irrespective of planting date. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Show sources information Business Solutions including all features. [85] An alternative local name for this language group is Hindki. Also, BRRI dhan45 is a high yielding inbred variety for dry season and was developed by BRRI in 2005 through crossing between BRRI dhan2 and TETEP. [84] 811817, 2004. 113117, 2002. 17. In order to find all potential cases of extreme inbreeding from a dataset that is nearly half a million people large, Yengo and his team looked at the homozygosity of peoples genomes. Health Trends, 1 989;2 1:79-84. Basmati Rice Production and Research in Pakistan W.-B. WebA rough estimate shows that close to half of all Muslims in the world are inbred: In Pakistan, 70 percent of all marriages are between first cousins (so-called consanguinity) and in Turkey the amount is between 25-30 percent (Jyllands-Posten, 27/2 2009 More stillbirths among immigrants The fertility rate data recorded in these surveys is displayed in the table below. 96, no. In this study there was no significant difference in flag leaf photosynthetic rate between the studied hybrid and inbred rice varieties, irrespective of planting dates. The country's urban population more than tripled between 1981 and 2017 (from 23.8million to 75.7million), as Pakistan's urbanisation rate rose from 28.2% to 36.4%. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association has agreed to receive and publish manuscripts in accordance with the principles of the following committees: Copyrights 2015 JPMA - All Rights Reserved. 3, pp. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In our series, this fact could not be proved. On the other hand, Yan et al. Both the hybrid varieties showed relatively higher postheading-CGR at early planting due to their higher LAI at the grain filling period. Kobata et al. 34253429, 2007. Four planting dates were maintained, namely, 20 December, 5 January, 20 January, and 5 February. SchulI, W.J. [repost] According to a study 70% of Pakistan population is Of course, there are some notable issues with the reliability of the new studys numbers as well. 51, pp. 184188, 2001. The Middle East has a common practice of cousin marriage. Higher dry matter accumulation before heading, longer leaf area duration, higher LAI, and higher photosynthetic capability at the grain filling period are the essentials for achieving higher yield of rice [6, 1215]. This study was only confined to visible or easily detectable malformations. 7, pp. [57] Although only about 7% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is widely spoken and understood as a second language by the vast majority of Pakistanis. Tang et al. [68], Pashto () is an Iranian language spoken as a first language by more than 18% of Pakistanis, mainly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in northern Balochistan as well as in ethnic Pashtun communities in the cities of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, and most notably Karachi,[69][70][71][72] which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in the world.[73]. All city population figures below include adjacent cantonments. The overall frequency inbreeding in this study was 76% and the coefficient of inbreeding was 0.04151 (Table II). The shoot reserve translocation (%) to grain varied among the different planting dates and gradually decreased with delayed planting. As medical science progressed over the last 150 years, the catastrophic effects of inbreeding were discovered, and has become all but eliminated in the Western World. Z. Yan, Studies on the production and distribution of dry matter in high-yielding populations of hybrid rice, Acta Agronomica Sinica, vol. 19, pp. 363368, 2010. window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || { It is, therefore, imperative that future health care programmes be directed towards prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations, screening of population for carriers and genetic counselling centres especially when we have the highest coefficient of inbreeding in the world. clearly shows that 70% (185 out of 265) second cousin marriages resulted in malformations from fathers side, 51% (615 out of 1205) first cousin marriages caused malformations from mothers side, whereas, 100% (60 out of 60) of children had malformations if the parents were first cousins both from paternal and maternal sides. Zakzouk, S., Sayed, YE., Bafaqeeh, S.A. Consanguinity and hereditary hearing impairment among Saudi population. Aside from these, there are 103 more cities in the country with populations of at least 100,000. They prepared the following estimates of demographic indicators in Pakistan for every year from 1950 to 2021, as well as projections for future decades. 3, pp. Rakshani is the major dialect group in terms of numbers. The religious breakdown of the Pakistani population as of Pakistan Census 2017 is as follows: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021. Therefore, it is imperative to clarify this controversy on hybrid rice varieties. Other sub-dialects are Kalati (Qalati), Chagai-Kharani and Panjguri. The association of types of relationship to production of malformations in children was calculated to have a Chi square value of 5.135 with a p=0,0767, but when considered individually forvarious types of relationship, was highly significant for first cousins with a p=<0.01 1 (Figure 3). As an outcome, the hybrid varieties sustained higher LAI after heading to maturity over inbred BRRI dhan45 regardless of planting dates. If a person had more than 10 percent homozygosity, extreme inbreeding was more than likely the reason. Leaf area (LA) was measured by an automatic leaf area meter (Model: LI-3100, Li-COR, Lincoln, NE, USA.) [41] reported that hybrid rice contains higher amounts of chlorophyll in their leaves. In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a biennially-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. It is clear from this study that the consanguineous couples are a population at high genetic risk. The prevalence of consanguinity and the degree of inbreeding vary from one population to another depending on ethnicity, religion, culture and geography. Table 1 According to the World Factbook, Library of Congress, Oxford University, over 96% of the population of Pakistan is Muslim and the remaining 4% is Hindu, Christian, and others. 48269, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baos, Philippines, 1981. WebAbstract. The truth about white tigers The hybrids Heera2 produced significantly higher grain yield over inbred BRRI dhan45 at all planting dates except 5 February planting and an almost similar trend was observed for BRRI hybrid dhan2. Flag leaf is the main and most active photosynthetic source of grain yield in rice [32, 38, 39]. Tang, G.-L. Zhang, Y.-H. Xiao et al., Physiological and biochemical characteristics in flag leaves of the C Liangyou series of rice hybrid combinations at late growth stages, Rice Science, vol. [22] and Yang et al. The closer the blood relative, the higher the incidence of schizophrenia. As urbanisation has progressed and owing to the country's large population, Pakistan today has many very large urban centers which act as hubs for commerce and culture. [74], Like other languages of this family, Sindhi has passed through Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) and Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha) stages of growth. window.mc4wp.listeners.push( WebAccording to Sennels, close to half of all Muslims in the world are inbred. The populatio is being affected by this. Dry matter accumulation at heading and its remobilization to the grain of the tested hybrid and inbred varieties at four planting dates for two year have been shown in Table 6. Of these, 66 are indigenous and 8 are non-indigenous. 9098, 1989. In order to clarify it, two field experiments were conducted including two popular indica hybrids (BRRI hybrid dhan2 and Heera2) and one elite inbred (BRRI dhan45) rice varieties. [3] The country's population structure is relatively young, with a median age of 19. After 1984 nineteen rounds of PDS were completed till 2007. [67] It is the 11th most widely spoken language in India, and the third most-spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. ", World Bank, Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/383207/fertility-rate-in-pakistan/ (last visited May 01, 2023), Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020 [Graph], World Bank, March 30, 2023. The frequency of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis, J. S. Yoshida, Physiological analysis of rice yield, in Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science, pp. This situation was aggravated by the rising temperature in delayed plantings. G. D. Bonnett and L. D. Incoll, The potential pre-anthesis and post-anthesis contributions of stem internodes to grain yield in crops of winter barley, Annals of Botany, vol. In Pakistan, cousin marriage is legal and common for economic, religious and cultural reasons. A. Abou Khalifa, Physiological evaluation of some hybrid rice varieties under different sowing dates, Australian Journal of Crop Science, vol. Hybrid rice varieties exhibited higher degree of sensitivity to temperature rising in regard to shoot reserve remobilization to grain compared to the inbred. This is an open access article distributed under the. Four percent of these malformed siblings were found in related families (125 in 3820) as compared to 2% (20 in 1180) in unrelated couples. There are three major dialect patterns within which the various individual dialects may be classified; these are Pakhto, which is the Northern (Peshawar) variety, and the softer Pashto spoken in the southern areas such as in Quetta. ). Fox, R. Kinship and marriage. In the chart below, the latest fertility rate data for each Pakistani district with a population of over 2 million as of the 2017 census can be found. In certain Indian communities, uncle-niece relationship is the commonest13, where as, preference is given to first cousin marriages in Pakistan (82% in our series) and Saudi Arabia14. 1925, 2000 (Chinese). Hindko is mutually intelligible with Punjabi and Saraiki,[82] and has more affinities with the latter than with the former. Languages of Pakistan. Accessed May 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/383207/fertility-rate-in-pakistan/, World Bank. Thompson, LS. Flag leaves were sampled from main tillers at 2, 9, 16, and 23 days after flowering and a 20mg segment from middle portion of the flag leaf was used for chlorophyll analysis. Increased risk of abnormalities in the offspring is often advanced to explain such restrictions, but the underlying reasons could only be social and anthropological15, because, a custom so popular must have significant social advantage. J. Pak. The photosynthetic rate gradually decreased with the advance of grain filling period. It further added 17% to 38% of the consanguineous marriages in Pakistan are between first cousins. Dramatic social changes have led to urbanisation and the emergence of two megacities: Karachi and Lahore. inbreeding 25, pp. In Pakistan , the numbers approach 70%. The unit plot size was 20m2 (5.0m 4.0m). Complete analysis of malformed children (Figure 4) Despite Urdu being Pakistan's lingua franca, estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85,[8][9] and in 2017, the country's three largest ethnolinguistic groups were the Punjabis (making up 38.8% of the total population), the Pashtuns (18.2%), and the Sindhis (14.6%). W.-G. Wu, H.-C. Zhang, Y.-F. Qian et al., Analysis on dry matter production characteristics of super hybrid rice, Rice Science, vol. 0.2g in the hybrids for rising average daily temperature 1C from 29C while this reduction rate was negligible in the inbred rice variety (Figure 3). Most societies share an incest taboo against marriages between first degree relatives. Despite the religious and legal sanctions imposed by certain societies, consanguineous marriages still prevail in certain social groups which have varied attitudes toward them withall their associated prejudices and problems. The United Nations estimated that in February 2021, only 42% of births in Pakistan were officially registered, making it the world's most populous country where more than half of births remained unregistered. Many of the surveys above also recorded fertility rate data broken down by each of Pakistan's administrative units, while many more surveys have been taken explicitly focusing on a specific province or territory. When researchers began building the U.K. Biobank for genetic data in 2006, they set out to study the relationship between peoples DNA and their likelihood of developing certain diseases. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. 271, Brisbane, Australia, SeptemberOctober 2004. 178183, 2009. S. D. Reo, Flag leaf a selection criterion for exploiting potential yields in rice, Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.
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