The number of researchers selected for the field is based on the square root of the population of unique authors listed on the fields highly cited papers (Price 1971; Egghe 1987). One of the most basic citation metrics is how often an article was cited in other articles, books, or other sources (such as theses). 2014; Chorus and Waltman 2016; Heneberg 2016; Yang et al. It is important to recognize that citation counts grow over time. Sugimoto, C. R., & Larivire, V. (2018). 2006; Schubert et al. Team size matters: Collaboration and scientific impact since 1900. As an example, the Citation Rates Table displays data on the average citation rates of papers within the scientific fields over each of the past 10 years. The upper quartile values rise from 3% (ECB) to 11% (ENG). https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277500500106. (Eds.). 2018; Baccini et al. Seven myths in bibliometrics about facts and fiction in quantitative science studies. Mathematics has a lower Citation Web of Science provides evidence of collaboration with other scientists and institutions, publication productivity, cited-by works, the h-index and also includes tools for creating citation maps. Identifying community-wide influence is a central, though not sole, focus of the work that led to this paper, as will be described below. [15], Citation distribution is skewed for journals because a very small number of articles is driving the vast majority of citations; therefore, some journals have stopped publicizing their impact factor, e.g. Scientometrics,113(2), 11991207. Self-citation is the hallmark of productive authors, of any gender. The article's average annual citation rate would be (10 + 5 + 12) / 3 = 9 citations per year. The practical intention of a graphical method is that the threshold value applied to plotted data should identify exceptional instances of high self-citation compared to the normal range for that field and that set of researchers. If there are indeed a significant number of individuals who abuse the conventional research system by inappropriate practice then why does the system not detect and sanction this at review before publication? Robert J. McDonald, The phenomenon of self-citation has long interested bibliometricians, sociologists of science, and scientists and scholars themselves (Kaplan 1965; Meadows and OConnor 1971; Chubin and Moitra 1975; Narin 1976; Tagliacozzo 1977; Porter 1977; Garfield 1979; Lawani 1982; Peritz 1983; Brooks 1985, 1986; Trimble 1986;Merton 1988; MacRoberts and MacRoberts 1989; Bonzi and Snyder 1991; Bott and Hargens 1991, for example). [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] Some experimental and observational studies have found that articles published in OA journals do not receive more citations, on average, than those published in subscription journals;[42][43] other studies have found that they do. In response, the scientific field has dedicated enormous amounts of resources to researching the virus and its effects. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.07.009. 2019), although not all agree with this finding (DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019). Therefore, it is a direct measure of how many citations recently published articles in a given journal receive. demonstration of the calculation all papers are in the same year, but in reality, baselines are also calculated for each year. Social crowdsourcing tools such as Scholarometer have been proposed to address this need. [12] To reach the top-100 papers required 12,119 citations by 2014. Do citations provide a full narrative of meaningful health outcomes? Another limitation of this study is that open-access versus subscription-based journals were not filtered separately during the WOS search. It's calculated by dividing the total number of citations received by all papers in the group (defined by research field and publication year) by the total number of papers in the group. Cherry Hill, NJ: Computer Horizons Inc. Peritz, B. In I. Rafols, J. Molas-Gallart, E. Castro-Martinez & R. Woolley (Eds. Normalized Indicators The fields are ranked by the 2000-10 citation averages. (2013). Some descriptive examples illustrate the variation. Given the refereeing system that controls the quality of the scientific literature in the better known journals, the high publication count could be achieved only if the person had a lot to say that was at least marginally significant. "[63], "Citation metric" redirects here. To examine this more closely, we randomly selected three journals included for this paper and manually searched each journals website for Covid-19-related articles that the journal itself had categorized as an original piece of research over three months. The time period for citation counts is 10 years, plus partial year counts for the current year (data is updated six times a year). Yang, D. H., Li, X., Sun, X. X., & Wan, J. No other fields accounted for significant difference in citation rates amongst Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 papers published within the same field. Isis,79, 606623. 2015; Galvez 2017; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. A discussion of measuring the top-1% most-highly cited publications ), Springer handbook of science and technology indicators (pp. interpreted as representing the central tendency of the distribution. (2015). Disciplines were selected based on the likelihood of having high relevancy to Covid-19 and, therefore, a sufficient volume of Covid-19-related papers in that fields premier journals. 2018; Baccini et al. These data are also summarised in the Appendix Table3. Self-citations as strategic response to the use of metrics for career decisions. Scientometrics,93(3), 745750. comm.). (2018). Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,68(4), 10361047. Journal of Informetrics,14(2), 100990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2019.100990. [16] The Field Rankings Field Rankings displays total papers, total citations received, citations per paper, and Hot and Highly Cited papers in each field. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol22no1.1. [18] The best-known measures include the h-index[19] and the g-index. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.mar.03. Ioannidis, J. P. A., Baas, J., Klavans, R., & Boyack, K. W. (2019). A generalized view of self-citation: Direct, co-author, collaborative, and coercive induced self-citation. The citation rate in any single year can serve as a baseline to assess the impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.) What do citation counts measure? Publishing elite turns against controversial metric", "Prestigious Science Journals Struggle to Reach Even Average Reliability", "Requiem for impact factors and high publication charges", "ASM Journals Eliminate Impact Factor Information from Journal Websites", "Universality of Citation Distributions for Academic Institutions and Journals", "A citation-based, author- and age-normalized, logarithmic index for evaluation of individual researchers independently of publication counts", "An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output", "Handling self-citations using Google Scholar", "Citation classics published in knowledge management journals. Ioannidis, J. P. A. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095. Citations can be an indicator of publication significance, utility, attention, visibility or short-term impact but analysts need to confirm whether a high citation count for an individual is a genuine reflection of influence or a consequence of extraordinary, even excessive, self-citation. Calculating the Relative Citation Ratio (RCR). [29] In 2008 the Journal of Medical Internet Research began publishing views and Tweets. The concept of self-citation (self-referencing or self-citation) can also be defined narrowly or broadly, that is, including or not including coauthors (Snyder and Bonzi 1998; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel et al. Google Scholar. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03243-4. This would seemingly be an impactful factor in how often these articles are being cited. Zhivotovsky, L. A., & Krutovsky, K. V. (2008). The patterns for the key parameters for self-citations (Fig. Bott, D. M., & Hargens, L. L. (1991). For instance, most papers in Nature (impact factor 38.1, 2016) were only cited 10 or 20 times during the reference year (see figure). In this way, three separate citation averages were gathered for each journal: 1) all articles 2) non-Covid-19 articles 3) only Covid-19 articles. The 2020 Journal Impact Factors,published in the 2021 Journal Citation Report, are based on citations in 2020 to articles published in 2018 and 2019. An index to quantify an individuals scientific research output. Average citation rate for publications in a number research fields. 2010; Ladle et al. Are citations indicative or predictive of translational or clinical applications? As with all bibliometric indicators, field variation is significant, so much depends on field definition and the alignment of individuals and their work. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science,22(1), 114. "Only" 12% of medicine articles are not cited, compared to about 82% (!) RCRs will also only take into account citations from articles in PubMed (i.e., citations from publications that are not in PubMed will not be factored into an article's RCR). (2018). The following excerpt from a Citation Rates Average citation rates are calculated for each year of the 10-year period, based on accumulated citations from the year of publication to the most current bimonthly update. table displays aggregate data for each of the 22 ESI research fields. is reasonable to infer that these rates are higher than those for all papers in (1986). This would mean that the article is being cited an average of 50% more times per year than expected for articles within its co-citation network published in the same year. The process captured in Fig. 844851. The maximum number of citations was 664 and 120 papers were cited more than 100 times, of which 30 papers were cited more than 200 times. In addition, the average number and age of the references, and the ratio of new publications in the field and the total number of publications play a role . Recent publications exhibit lower citation impact due to the fact that older papers have Our work arose out of a practical exercise, undertaken at Clarivate Analytics since 2014, to identify a group of elite, highly cited scientists and social scientists (Highly Cited Researchers, https://recognition.webofsciencegroup.com/awards/highly-cited/2019/). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,52(2), 87108. https://doi.org/10.1080/09737766.2008.10700836. Self-citations and scientific evaluation: Leadership, influence, and performance. An early estimate was 8%, based on first author to first author self-citation and modest data availability (Garfield and Sher 1963). But, in practice, a visual inspection of the full profile for the data set is required to complete a valid interpretation. Simoes, N., & Crespo, N. (2020). In every field-based profile, some researcher portfolios are on a steeper part of the curve with values above but continuous with the central range. Keep in mind that citation rates are calculated from the citation counts of (2019) also urge that self-citations should remain in a citation record and that what is needed is transparency, not removal. It Field normalized citation metrics are an article level metric. While marked outliers are detectable, they are not present in all fields and they cannot be excluded by a single universal arbiter such as a percentile. Issues are: There are two resources for determining how the number of citations to a work compares to other cited works. This paper introduces a graphical method for testing for indicative excessive author self-citation and hence distinguishing this, via informed data review, from the true performance of the most influential researchers. [24], An alternative approach to measure a scholar's impact relies on usage data, such as number of downloads from publishers and analyzing citation performance, often at article level. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221212. Relative Citation Ratio (RCR): A new metric that uses citation rates to measure influence at the article level. Engineering (225 Highly Cited Researchers) has a continuous range that climbs to near 20% but then has a steeper part of the curve. Article Biagioli, M., Kenney, M., Martin, B. R., & Walsh, J. P. (2019). To address this gap in the literature we use WOS to examine citation rates for Covid-19-related articles published between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 across 24 major scientific journals. Disentangling Gold Open Access. Self-citation can inflate h-index. Average citation count (ACC) by OA state. | Download Table The rhetoric-first model. Citation Rates - Clarivate (2010). The 10 most cited papers all had more than 40,000 citations. 2018; Andersen et al. Bornmann, L. (2017). Yu, G., & Wang, L. (2007). The correlation between the rates of self-citation to and from the highly cited papers of each researcher was calculated and was highly significant within every field. Egghe, L. (1987). World flash on basic research: The influence of author self-citations on bibliometric macro indicators. Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publication and citation analysis in the evaluation of scientific activity. Exceptional medians were Space Science (SPA, 14.1%) and Mathematics (MAT, 15.6%). Citation Analysis - Measuring Your Impact: Impact Factor, Citation impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. Clinical medicine is the largest field (448 Highly Cited Researchers). Profesional de la Informacin,27(2), 241253. Each graph includes Q1, Median, Q3 and the lower and upper thresholds (set at 1.5 and 3 times the inter-quartile range, IQR) for indicative outliers (see Fig. It has recently been suggested there may be increasing misrepresentation of research performance by individuals who self-cite inordinately to achieve scores and win rewards. Scientometrics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,61(7), 14401463. In other words, self-citations are implicitly woven in the fabric of scientific and scholarly publishing and communication and, in that sense, their influence cannot be excised from the citation record. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277100100107. This odd result is driven by frequent group authorship of highly cited papers. van Raan, A. F. J. Gul, S., Shah, T. A., & Shafiq, H. (2017). Amidst all of this, there has been an explosion of peer-reviewed literature about Covid-19 as researchers work to uncover details such as structure, infectivity, spread, effects, prevention, and treatment of this novel virus. Journal of Documentation,33(4), 251265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.01.002. Todeschini, R. & Baccini, A. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03139-3. Journal of Informetrics,12(1), 203216. The Journal Impact Factor is the average number of citations received in the last year to articles published in the previous two years. These top 120 papers accounted for nearly 24 percent of all citations, while the top 500 papers account for nearly 50 percent. (2006). Geoderma,155(34), 434438. The CiteScore journal impact metric measures the average citations received in a four-year time window to selected documents published in the same four years. The key to interpretation is the need to determine the relationship between summary citation impact and fundamental research influence. Those citations are from articles published between 2008 and the present. We have created a publicly available database of 100,000 top scientists that provides standardized information on citations, h-index, coauthorship-adjusted hm-index, citations to papers in different authorship positions, and a composite indicator. Social Studies of Science,7(2), 257267. This final point is important because it changes our focus for the future. Ioannidis et al. https://doi.org/10.2307/2089193. Macfarlane, B., & Cheng, M. (2008). [30], In response to growing concerns over the inappropriate use of journal impact factors in evaluating scientific outputs and scientists themselves, Universit de Montral, Imperial College London, PLOS, eLife, EMBO Journal, The Royal Society, Nature and Science proposed citation distributions metrics as alternative to impact factors. (2016). Our focus was not the detection of gaming, which carries motive, but rather to identify evidence of the peer recognition that is the ultimate coin of the domain of science and scholarship (Merton 1995) and that yet permits the inclusion of self-citation which, as summarized above, proves to be an integral component of research publication and communication and far too difficult to treat on a case-by-case basis within a large dataset. https://doi.org/10.1556/650.2016.30443. That is to say: a test threshold value is set above the third quartile (Q3) boundary equivalent to N times the inter-quartile range (Q3Q1). Self-citations are somewhat lower than many fields but self-referencing is extremely low and often zero. A difference revealed in the analysis by field was the variable extent to which outliers were present and detectable. The publication channels for many Highly Cited Researchers are the journals readily recognised as leading in their field, but this is not the case for some prolific self-citers. The journal citation reports (SCI edition) with and without journal self-citations. The number of Highly Cited Researchers to be selected in each field is determined once the bulk of the highly cited papers in each field have been clustered by author. Insights into the relationship between the h-Index and self-citations. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21298. Google Scholar. 2019; Kacem et al. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. Journal of the American Society for Information Science,22(2), 7475. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that the advantage of open-access is debatable with many studies showing no difference in citation rates andquality and heterogeneity concerns posing challenges for generalization [22]. Citation benchmarking shows how citations received by this article compare with the average for similar articles. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0745-2. 2019). Self-citations, on the other hand, demonstrate the impact of the work upon the scientific community (Sugimoto and Larivire 2018). Small (2004) offered a synthesis of motives for citation, in which citations serve a dual function as vehicles of peer recognition and constructed symbols for specific original achievements. In practice, self-citation seems rarely to be an activity located at one pole or the otherdisinterestedness (Mertonian) or interestedness (social constructivist)but generally to occupy some middle ground along a spectrum of motivations and meanings. Such reasons imply behaviors that conform both to Mertonian norms and also to the social constructivist interpretation of citation theory (Merton 1942; Kaplan 1965; Moravcsik and Murugesan 1975; Gilbert 1977; Cozzens 1989; Bonzi and Snyder 1991; White 2001; Bornmann and Daniel 2008; Davis 2009; Erikson and Erlandson 2014; Tahamtan and Bornmann 2018, 2019; Aksnes et al. Since the purpose of analysing highly cited research is to recognize scientists and social scientists with community-wide influence, which such portfolios lack, we introduced a filter to detect and review those whose high citation profile was in fact narrow and substantially self-generated. Citation: Brandt MD, Ghozy SA, Kallmes DF, McDonald RJ, Kadirvel RD (2022) Comparison of citation rates between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19 articles across 24 major scientific journals. 2004; Costas et al. ScienceDirect offers a search feature that displays cited references (journal articles or books) for a specific author or publication. Studies originating in North America, those with six or more authors, sample sizes > 100, and those that are retrospective or prospective case series are independent predictors of greater citation rates at 6 years in orthopedic spine-specific medical literature. 2020, Vol. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, article number UNSP e13151. The Highly Cited Researchers review procedure has the goal of identifying community-wide influence and its focus is the extent of self-citing rather than self-referencing, but both are examined for each putative selectee. Observation of the field profile is more informative than any average value and, for most fields, the central range lies below 10% self-citation. (2016). will be below the citation rate for all years. Journal of Information Science,24(6), 431435. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citation_impact&oldid=1151587142, This page was last edited on 24 April 2023, at 23:58. Glnzel, W., Thijs, B., & Schlemmer, B. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,61(7), 15141515. . There are four plots: two each (one linear and one log plot) for self-references and self-citations. For example, it has been shown that the number of citations received by a publication, once properly rescaled by its average across articles published in the same discipline and in the same year, follows a universal log-normal distribution that is the same in every discipline. The length of time surveyed certainly affects any reading since self-citations tend to be given earlier by an author than by peers: over time an authors self-citation rate tends to decline (Tagliacozzo 1977; Aksnes 2003; Glnzel et al. Select the "Cited by" link and selecting the "Search within articles citingXYZ work" checkbox to discover the impact of a work. How much is too much? The expected number of citations articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year have received within the same time period is 18. Journal of Higher Education,81(3), 366393. Scarpa, F., Bianco, V., & Tagliafico, L. A. Scientometrics, 67(3), 503514. 2006; Thijs and Glnzel 2006; Schubert et al. Finally, the model was adjusted to account for the discrepancy in volume between non-Covid-19 papers and Covid-19 papers. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.025. Citation averages, 2000-2010, by fields and years By analyzing a global sample of 4 million authors and 26 million scientific papers, this study finds that the top 1% most-cited scientists have increased their cumulative citation shares from 14 to 21% between 2000 and 2015 and that the Gini coefficient for citation imbalance has risen from 0.65 to 0.70. Across eight selected fields, the median citation for a Covid-19 paper approaches six times that of a non-Covid-19 paper within the same journals. Citation-like measures are also used in other fields that do ranking, such as Google's PageRank algorithm, software metrics, college and university rankings, and business performance indicators. Goodhart's law [] states that when a feature of the economy is picked as an indicator of the economy, then it inexorably ceases to function as that indicator because people start to game it. New York, NY. different disciplines and time periods so it cannot be used effectively to compare entities that are in different subjects or years. 2010; Cooke and Donaldson 2014; Huang and Lin 2011; Schubert 2016; Galvez 2017; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. Each table contains citation data for the past ten years. The Thomas theorem and the Matthew effect. Frontiers journals improved their Journal Impact Factor ranking in 30 out of 39 categories in the 2021 Journal Citation Report. It appears to reflect the typical cultural self-citation behaviour in a field. Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories.
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